50 Synonyms for Song

50 Synonyms for Song 50 Synonyms for Song 50 Synonyms for Song By Mark Nichol Various words that depict different kinds of melodic sythesis are recorded and characterized beneath. (Note that in the definitions beneath, well known means not a melodic structure that is broadly delighted in, yet a tune of a sort generally got from everyday citizens and people customs as opposed to from proficient writers. Types of the word go with allude to instrumental help.) 1. Air: any of a few kinds of tunes or songlike sytheses, including numbers and people tunes 2. Song of devotion: a melody or psalm of delight or acclaim or, by augmentation, an awakening pop tune that resounds with a specific class of audience members 3. Aria: an intricate performance went with song, particularly in show 4. Craftsmanship tune: a performance went with tune regularly performed on a proper social event 5. Ditty: a story arrangement with musical section, or a mainstream moderate sentimental or wistful melody 6. Barcarole: a work melody with a beat that switches back and forth among solid and feeble to recommend the cadence of paddling a pontoon 7. Cantata: an arrangement for at least one voices with performances, two part harmonies, melodies, and speechlike parts 8. Canticle: a melody dependent on sacred text and performed during a faith gathering 9. Tune: a melody or psalm of happiness, performed prominently or during a community gathering 10. Chanson: the sort of melody sung in a men's club or a music lobby 11. Serenade: as repetitive yet musical melody or other vocalization; see additionally plainsong 12â€14â ­. Chantey/chanty/shanty: a musical sailors’ work melody 15. Chorale: a psalm or melody sung by a gathering in chapel 16. Spread: a tune made by somebody other than the performer(s) 17. Comment: a tune sung as an antithesis to another song 18. Requiem: a tune of grieving 19. Tune: a basic, carefree well known melody 20. Drinking tune: an energetic melody proper for bunch singing during social drinking 21. Funeral poem: see requiem 22. Battle melody: a persuasive tune to energize competitors during group rivalry 23. People tune: a famous tune with a straightforward song and a stanza/hold back structure 24. Merriment: a section tune, for the most part one performed by men 25. Glory be: a tune of recognition or thanks 26. Psalm: a tune of happiness or recognition, particularly in a strict setting 27. Noel: a song sung at Christmastime 28. Jingle: a short, infectious, dull tune, including one used to promote an item or administration 29. Mourn: see requiem 30. Lay: a straightforward tune or other melody 31. Bedtime song: a basic rhyming tune sung to mitigate kids or set them up for resting 32. Madrigal: see merriment and part-tune 33. Mixture: at least two tunes, or parts thereof, proceeded as one organization 34. Song: a cadenced piece 35. Motet: a choral arrangement, generally unaccompanied, in view of a hallowed book 36. Paean: a psalm or melody of acclaim, much obliged, or triumph 37. Part-tune: a normally unaccompanied tune for at least two voices, one of which conveys the tune 38. Hymn: a sacrosanct tune sung during strict administrations 39. Remix: a variety of a tune that incorporates extra or revamped components 40. Memorial: see lament 41. Rocker: a playful, vigorous tune in the style of the stone sort 42. Cycle: a tune where numerous vocalists sing a similar tune and verses 43. Roundelay: a basic melody that incorporates a hold back 44. Serenade: a seeking melody, vocal or instrumental or both 45. Profound: a straightforward, passionate strict tune of a structure created by dark slaves in the American South 46. Standard: a recognizable melody that is among those commonly performed by a specific classification of artists 47. Threnody: see lament 48. Light melody: a well known nostalgic tune, generally alluding to the furthest limit of a relationship or to lonely love 49. Vocal: a tune for voice joined by at least one instruments 50. Work tune: a melody organized to help in the exhibition of a cadenced gathering task Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know41 Words That Are Better Than GoodEbook, eBook, digital book or digital book?

Informatics and Financial the Operational Efficiency

Question: Talk about the Informatics and Financial the Operational Efficiency. Answer: Presentation These days, quick changes have been occurring in the innovation because of which organizations has additionally embraced robotized frameworks for dealing with the obtained data that outcomes in improving the operational effectiveness of the organizations. Organizations assemble data from various partners so as to satisfy their necessities and requests. Organizations face trouble in removing applicable data from the accessible complex data because of various apparatuses is utilized by them so as to adapt to such issues. It is noteworthy for the organizations to adequately and productively deal with its information to take fitting choices to accomplish the objective of the business in an appropriate way (Petkoviㄆ¡ Jonker, 2007). In this specific circumstance, the accompanying segments give data identified with the issues looked by the retail business identified with information the board. Alongside this, it likewise stresses on the points of interest and effect of various app aratuses, for example, business knowledge on the business tasks in the retail business. Advanced Data and Business Rise of fast changes in the innovation brings about event of numerous issues looked by organizations related with information the board. It is imperative for the organizations to have full perceivability of the progressions occurring in the market drifts so as to accomplish upper hand over its rivals. Improvements in innovation, for example, distributed computing and computerization of information passages give chance to organizations to record enormous scope information. The utilization of large information apparatus helps in settling on key choices and results in assessment and checking of the business systems. Organizations discover trouble in removing pertinent information from complex information the board frameworks. Assortment of the information identified with items, clients and diverts encourages in developing the retail business. Retail organizations are utilizing huge information with the end goal of change of the business (Narasimha,2016). Organizations in the retail business utilizes POS frameworks for examining and following the information identified with clients however neglected to break down live information on shoppers and items from different information sources. Organizations discover trouble in offering customized types of assistance or messages to its buyers because of presence of enormous volume. Alongside this, organizations additionally discover trouble in the viable administration of the worldwide gracefully fasten because of their wastefulness in the investigation of the information progressively by the utilization of shipment notices, RFID chips and sensors because of low speed. Presence of changeability in the client database because of essence of data identified with inclinations, buy history area and socioeconomics (Wedekind, Hrder Lehner, 2005). Figure 1:Business insight Information and Business Intelligence Business insight helps in building coordination among various gracefully chain accomplices in retail segment. Other than this, business knowledge apparatuses help in giving sufficient data to various flexibly bind accomplices because of which the dangers can be appropriately shared among them. This likewise causes them to take right choices at perfect time. Alongside this, the utilization of business insight helps in giving POS data to providers by retailers which thusly help them to decide the degree of stock by booking their creation. Another business insight apparatus utilized is ceaseless recharging program, the conveyance of items is finished by provider at commonly concurred interim (Sumathi Sivanandam, 2006). Business insight helps in adjusting the business tasks to the requirements of the clients. This apparatus encourages in planning compelling showcasing effort adjusted to explicit client needs. It likewise encourages in improving the business exercises by social affair and examining the data gathered from different frameworks in various arrangements, for example, stock, retail location, monetary and client relationship the board frameworks. This outcomes in separating the items and administrations offered by the organizations from its rivals. Business knowledge instrument by the utilization of imagine a scenario in which investigation include, causes retail organizations to charge an ideal cost and lessen its expenses so as to expand its productivity. Alongside this business insight devices encourages in gaining admittance to constant data which help the individuals from the associations to settle on powerful choices. Alongside this, it additionally coordinates the data from various f rameworks which improves the operational proficiency of the organizations (Ranjan,2009). Figure 2:Profit edge of retail organizations in Australia End It very well may be reasoned that organizations in the retail business faces various issues identified with information the board. Organizations discover trouble in social occasion continuous information in regards to clients because of which they neglect to satisfy their desires by offering customized types of assistance and messages. Alongside this, the other issue is that organizations additionally discover trouble in extraction of the applicable data from the enormous volume of accessible data in less time. Alongside this, organizations likewise face trouble in dealing with its flexibly chain as it is hard for them to break down live data gave by providers and clients. It can likewise be summed up that retail organizations utilize business knowledge instruments which encourages in setting up coordination and participation between various accomplices, for example, providers and clients. This thusly encourages them to settle on right choices and opportune time. It helps in sharing of the dangers and data with providers to keep up sufficient degree of stock. References Australian Government. (2011). Financial Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry. Recovered August 18, 2016, from https://www.pc.gov.au/requests/finished/retail-industry/report/retail-industry.pdf Narasimha, K. (2016). Handbook of Research on Strategic Supply Chain Management in the Retail Industry. IGI Global. Petkoviㄆ¡, M. Jonker, W. (2007). Security, Privacy, and Trust in Modern Data Management. Springer Science Business Media. Ranjan, J. (2009). Business Intelligence: Concepts, Components, Techniques And Benefits. Diary of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 9(1), pp. 60-70. Sumathi, S. Sivanandam, S. N. (2006). Prologue to Data Mining and Its Applications. Springer Science Business Media. Wedekind, H., Hrder, T. Lehner, W. (2005). Information Management in a Connected World: Essays Dedicated to Hartmut Wedekind on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Springer Science Business Media. Australian Government. (2011). Financial Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry. Recovered August 18, 2016, from https://www.pc.gov.au/requests/finished/retail-industry/report/retail-industry.pdf

Understanding Habituation in Psychology

Understanding Habituation in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print When and Why Does Habituation Occur? The more we encounter something, the less likely we are to react By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 11, 2019 Studio MPM/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Characteristics Causes Habituation in Relationships View All Back To Top Habituation is a decrease in response to a  stimulus  after repeated presentations. For example, a new sound in your environment, such as a new ringtone, may initially draw your attention or even become distracting. Over time, as you become accustomed to this sound, you pay less attention to the noise and your response to the sound will diminish. This diminished response is habituation. Examples Habituation is one of the simplest and most  common forms of learning. It allows people to tune out non-essential stimuli and focus on the things that really demand attention. Habituation is something that happens regularly in your everyday life, yet you are probably largely unaware of it. Habituation in Daily Life: Imagine that you are in your backyard when you hear a loud banging noise from your neighbors yard. The unusual sound immediately draws your attention, and you wonder what is going on or what might be making the noise. Over the next few days, the banging noise continues at a regular and constant pace. Eventually, you just tune out the noiseIts not only sound that prompts us to become habituated. Other senses can also be affected by habituation. Another example would be spritzing on some perfume in the morning before you leave for work in the morning. After a short period, you no longer notice the scent of your perfume, but others around you may notice the smell even after youve become unaware of it. There are also psychotherapy approaches that rely on habituation. In the treatment of phobias, for example, habituating people to the source of their fear is one way to help them overcome their phobia. In exposure therapy, people are progressively subjected to things that they fear. A person who is terrified of the dark, for example, might begin by simply imagining being in a dark room. Once they have become habituated to this experience, they will expose themselves to increasingly closer approximations to the real source of their anxiety until they finally confront the fear itself. Eventually, the individual can be habituated to the stimulus so that they no longer experience the fear response. Characteristics Some of the key characteristics of habituation include: Duration:  If the habituation stimulus is not presented for a long enough period before a sudden reintroduction, the response will once again reappear at full-strength, a phenomenon known as  spontaneous recovery. So if that noisy neighbors loud banging (from the example above) were to stop and start, youre less likely to become habituated to it.  Frequency:  The more frequently a stimulus is presented, the faster habituation will occur. If you wear that same perfume every day, youre more likely to stop noticing it earlier each time.  Intensity:  Very intense stimuli tend to result in slower habituation. In some cases, such as deafening noises like a car alarm or a siren, habituation will never occur (a car alarm wouldnt be very effective as an alert if people stopped noticing it after a few minutes).  Change:  Changing the intensity or duration of the stimulation may result in a reoccurrence of the original response. So if that banging noise grew louder over time, or stopped abruptl y, youd be more likely to notice it again. Why Habituation Occurs Habituation is an example of  non-associative learning, that is, theres no reward or punishment associated with the stimulus. Youre not experiencing pain or pleasure as a result of that neighbors banging noises. So why do we experience it? There are a few different theories that seek to explain why habituation occurs, including: Single-factor theory of habituation  suggests that the constant repetition of a stimulus changes the efficacy of that stimulus. The more we hear it, the less we notice it. It becomes uninteresting to our brains, in a way.Dual-factor theory of habituation  suggests that there are underlying neural processes that regulate responsiveness to different stimuli. So our brains decide for us that we dont need to worry about that banging noise because we have more pressing things on which to focus our attention. Habituation in Relationships Habituation is a concept often applied to perceptual phenomena, but it can also have a number of different real-world applications, including on social relationships. As we grow to know people better, it is only natural that we stop noticing every little thing and become increasingly habituated to both their good and bad qualities. You might grow accustomed to habits that you initially found irritating, or even become increasingly annoyed by things that you overlooked initially. In the beginning stages of any relationship, people tend to respond more readily. Every sensation is thrilling because it is new and unfamiliar. Unfortunately, this is not a state that can last forever. Eventually, habituation sets in and people stop noticing every little thing. While habituation can lead to the thrill of a new relationship wearing off over time, it is not necessarily a bad thing. The initial passion that tends to mark the outset of a relationship typically gives way to something deeper and more lasting - a deeper, more meaningful love that is marked by friendship, support, and respect in addition to passion. Habituation in relationships can become problematic, however, when it leads to taking the other person for granted. Long-term relationships can often fall victim to this problem. Over time, you might feel that your partner does not appreciate the things that you contribute to the relationship. Or perhaps it is your partner who feels that he or she is being overlooked. So what can you do to overcome habituation and bring some of the initial spark back into your relationship? Recall those feelings from the start of your relationship. Think about the things that you first noticed and loved about your partner. Consider the things you enjoy doing together as a couple. Taking the time to notice those qualities and reintroduce those activities is a good way to reconnect.Try something new. Routines and habits can be helpful, but they can often feel stifling. Look for ways to change things up and add the zing of novelty back to your relationship. Try new activities as a couple and explore things together. It can be an interesting way of building a strong connection, as well as a means to see your partner in a new light.Practice gratitude. As you spend more and more time around your partner, it can be all too easy to focus on the things about them that you find irritating. If you focus only on these qualities, it can be extremely difficult to remain satisfied and connected. Take the time to think about the things you love about your partner. What are the qualitie s you admire most about this person? What things attracted you the most when you first met? A Word From Verywell Habituation is a natural and normal part of our experience of the world. It allows us to function in environments where we are often inundated with sensory experiences and information. Rather than being overwhelmed by all of the things that clamor for our attention, habituation allows us to pay less attention to certain elements so that we can better focus on others.   How Hedonic Adaptation Robs You of Happinessâ€"and How to Change That

How Music Has Changed New Music - 830 Words

You ve decided that you want to make music and become the next Will-i-am, P Diddy or LMFAO. Fantastic! There is no better time to start learning to produce and here s why: The music production tools have become incredibly cheap for beginners to achieve professional results.New technology is making music production techniques much easier and faster.The music industry has changed dramatically over the last few years, transforming new artists and musicians into global superstars overnight, you too can share the spotlight. It is very exciting time s at the moment! It really does not matter if you can not play an instrument, learning new music production techniques will enable you to be creative in other ways. Quality music invokes a full range of feelings within the listener. As a music producer, your job is to master the art that invoke those feelings.Believe me when I say that professional-sounding music is an art. It can be taught to a certain degree, but really all it takes is time, dedication and passion.If you have the desire to create great music, Producer Pack will provide you with the latest sample packs and loops from some of the worlds best producers and engineers to give you the inspiration needed to become a top producer in this very competitive industry. What Do You Need Nowadays almost all electronic music is written on a PC or MAC computer. Producers use music software programs to process and arrange the music so that it sounds the way they want it toShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Cultural Change of Music1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cultural Change of Music The popular culture of music has changed dramatically over the course of sixty five years. Since this time, new genres of music have been introduced, existing genres have changed, and fixed stereotypes have been associated with certain genres of music. 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ConsumersRead MoreThe Music Of Music Videos1557 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of music videos throughout many years has changed rapidly due to the relationship between media forms and platforms of different media kind of texts. Some issues in contemporary music videos are from the evolution of new technologies, social media and politics. Thus, artists throughout time have taken advantage of music videos in order to use it as a site for debates about politics of representation. Nowadays the majority of music videos are transforming and turning into short filmsRead MoreChanges in the Music Industry Essays815 Words   |  4 PagesThe music industry is an ever-evolving revolutionary entertainment industry for the masses. Music provides entertainment to all different masses due to the variety of genres produced. Music is a very profitable and complex industry. Music has expanded to a worldwide industry for musical artist to express their art through the form of song to the masses. 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From the jazzy tunes of New Orleans to the soulful Native American Music, they have all changed the way others due business. Without Americas additions to these cultures, music would be very different compared to the multitude of music that America has today. A lotRead MoreThe Art of Arranging Tones into Music634 Words   |  3 PagesMusic is defined as â€Å"The art of arranging tones in an orderly sequence so as to produce a unified and continuous composition† (Websters II: New Riverside University Dictionary). A few tones that pair up in harmony can do wonders to anyone. A person’s preference in music may show up in the way he/she looks, talks, and acts. Not only does m usic shape a person, but it also shapes the norms of society. Music is shown throughout the chronology of life, from infancy to adulthood, music has a big impact

Fahrenheit 451 Essay - Montags Change of Heart - 1604 Words

1 Aaron Mrs. MacDonald ENG 2D April 24, 2012 Guy Montag’s Change of Heart People always say time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself. This is the case as well in Fahrenheit 451, the novel, written by Ray Bradbury, is the story that follows a normal man, Guy Montag, who lived a normal life in his civilization post apocalptic as a fireman. Although where he is from, it is not a fireman’s duty to put out fires, but rather to burn books. It is because of his profession he battled his conscience to find answers to his many questions. Throughout this book, Montag changed his perceptive on literature in his society for the better because he became a critical thinker and stopped being passive like everyone else where†¦show more content†¦Clarisse helps Montag look around him and see everything, from the smallest snowflake to the biggest tree. Montag never really thinks about what is happening in his life, or why it seems he never shows much emotion towards anything. Clarisse teaches Montag to look around and to pay attenti on to what is really important in life, just not what his society tells him. Even though I believe Clarisse was the reason for Montag’s major metamorphosis, I believe that there were two additional individuals that had a role to play in Montag’s expedition to find answers to fill the void in his life. Subsequently, Faber monumentally influenced Montag and his decisions he made throughout the novel. Faber was a retired English professor and he is the second mentor that Montag comes across. He was one of the few people who is not like everyone else because he, just as Clarisse, are intellectual beings. Faber met Montag in a park. A short discussion revolving around small-talk like the weather quickly escalates to a deeper topic and Montag and faber soon find themselves discussing Faber’s past and the history of books. They talk for hours and their conversation ultimately ends with Faber leaving Montag his contact card and Guy soon contacts him when he discovers his love for books. In Faber and Montag’s conversation, Faber says, â€Å"Do you know why books such as this are so important? Because they have quality.† (83). The significance of FaberShow MoreRelatedControl Of Society In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1018 Words   |  5 PagesF451 Essay Outline Introduction Background Information (2-3 sentences about the book, which relates to your theme): Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury tells a story of a reality in which the society controls and influences their citizens using different forms of technology. Their goal is to keep everyone happy and eliminate any threat. Guy Montag, the main character and fireman who burns books, struggles with how the world works, trying his best to get away. He worksRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4514443 Words   |  18 Pages Introduction: How’d He Do That? My appreciation of a literary work was enhanced by understanding symbol when I read Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. The science fiction novel is about Guy Montag, a man who is a firefighter. In this time, the job of a firefighter is to burn and destroy all books because reading or having books is illegal. He does his job, day by day, burning books without giving it a thought. As the novel continues, Montag realizes that books are not bad and tries to save them.

What makes a woman beautiful Free Essays

Despite the movement of feminism, women in modern society are still seen as an object of beauty rather than given the respect of a human with emotions. As appearance Is considered an important quality In society today, women are placed under pressure to be physically appealing to both males and females. Women considered to be ‘hot’ are generally those with a high sex-appeal or stunning physical appearance whereas being beautiful Is a lustrous characteristic not merely reliant on one’s genes. We will write a custom essay sample on What makes a woman beautiful or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, a bland or discourteous personality may override any physical appeal a woman may have. Likewise, a devoted, passionate and respectful personality can compensate for the lack of ‘perfect’ features of a woman. However, people see beauty differently and completely relies on their individual interests. The physical appearance of a ‘hot’ woman and the personality of a ‘beautiful’ woman can’t be compared. According to men, having large breasts, a glowing face and skin, bedroom eyes, lean and sexy legs and a toned figure are among the physical attributes of an attractive woman . Therefore, virtually any woman can become ‘hot’ simply by extreme diets, Intense exercise and plastic surgery. In turn, women focus on these ‘Important’ attributes and forget Inner beauty. Inner beauty, difficult to appreciate with looks alone, Is what connects with people and Is referred to as that special something’. Being beautiful Is the way a woman walks, talks and presents herself to others. Some men believe having passion and being able to get excited over certain things, having the confidence to not owe her looks to anyone, not feeling the urge to fight for attention and being humble and mysterious is attractive. Intelligence of being able to logically speak her mind, have self-confidence, be impassioned and not crave the approval of others can be considered beautiful. Therefore, being beautiful is much more than a skin-deep quality, more like a unique quality to few. According to the urban Dictionary, being beautiful isn’t limited to the physical features of a woman rather her personality traits and the way she acts around others. Beautiful Is a woman who has a distinctive personality, one who can laugh at anything, Including themselves, who Is especially kind and caring to others. She Is a woman who above all else knows the value of having fun, and not taking life o seriously. She is a woman that you can trust and count on to brighten your day. As the urban Dictionary is written by ordinary people, rather than language professionals, the meaning is relevant to society. Therefore, it proves society believes that beauty is a personality characteristic rather than a physical attribute. People Magazine’s ‘sass’s 10 most beautiful’ beauty isn’t limited to physical factors. Actress Gabrielle Union, who is among the 10 most beautiful, believes being beautiful consists of a friendly personality. As usual, the list consists of predominately stresses and models, and all of the women are physically appealing. However, every woman on the list believes that confidence and Individuality Is the key to beauty. They focus on themselves, their health and wellbeing and their confidence to ensure they are happy, which also contributes to their ‘perfect’ physical appearance. These women are extremely fortunate in the aspect they have stunning physical features personalities are why they are considered in the list. However, the women mentioned in People Magazine’s ‘sass’s 10 most beautiful’ are physically attractive as well as having appealing personalities. The magazine speculates possessing decent looks is needed to expose ones beautiful personality. The fact that physical appearance is highly regarded in modern society means a woman is pressured into craze diets and bizarre skin treatments to become reasonably attractive. Therefore, women seem to need a degree of physical attractiveness or be somewhat ‘hot’ so their personality can be noticed and they can then be seen as beautiful. Most believe ‘beauty is in the eyes of the beholder’ and is defined differently to each person. Everyone has a different interpretation of the meaning of beauty, whether it’s merely physical or resonantly based or a mixture of both. Some believe that first appearances are important but not always critical. A physical attribute may lead to initial interaction but the woman’s personality will maintain the attention of others. A woman with self- confidence and the ability to naturally attract the focus of those around her. She isn’t selfish and has the passion to pursue her goals and ambitions. Certainly physical attributes are desired but a beautiful personality is more attractive than glossy hair or air-brushed makeup. Women who have shimmering hair, flawless skin, picture- reflect make-up and a glowing tan may have an uninteresting, horrible or obnoxious personality which dominates their attractive appearance. Although, a woman who doesn’t chase the attention of others and has true self confidence and respect may become more an attractive personality as time passes. Hence, physical beauty becomes irrelevant to males if the personality of a woman is seen to be ugly. However, a woman may require rather good-looks otherwise her ‘beautiful’ personality may not be recognized and appreciated. In conclusion, people perceive beauty differently which can make everyone seem ‘beautiful’. How to cite What makes a woman beautiful, Papers

Confucianism Education and Filial Piety

Question: Is Confucianism still relevant today in Singapore? Answer: Introduction Confucianism is the primary system of thought founded on the teachings and principles of a Chinese sage Kung Fuzi who lived between 551 and 479 B.C.E. His system of thought was Latinized as Confucius (Nuyen, 2004)). Through his teachings and principles, Confucius shaped a system of human associations and good government which emphasized community and society, education, and filial piety. Confucianism was not meant to be a religion, but a philosophy, therefore; it influenced all aspects of the Chinese traditions including government, education, and behaviour in private and public life, as well as education. In this modern day, a research titled Confucianism and Ecology: Potential and Limits by Mary Evelyn-Yale University confirms that there are over six million people who consider themselves Confucianists, where the majority live in East Asia where Confucianism was born (Aday Kano, 1997). The objective of the essay, therefore, is to probe if Confucianism is relevant today in Singapor e. Further, it will assess its impact on the overall human society as well as the danger Confucianism principles and values pose to Singapore as a nation. Confucius ethical values, especially on good governance, the hierarchical education system, and the hierarchical family system, have played a significant role in the development of Singapore as one of the Asian Tigers. The central role played by these values in the growth of the Singapore is echoed by Mr. Lee Kuan Yew the first prime minister of Singapore when he wrote in "From Third World to the First." He said that Singapore has heavily depended on the strength and influence of the family to maintain order and keep a culture of hard work, thrift, piety, and for scholarship and learning as well as for respect for elders (Kuah, 1990). Further, Lee affirms that these values are vital in making people productive and aids in economic development. In the application of the Confucian principles Singapore government acknowledges that government cannot take over the role of the family. Hence, it's the obligation of the government to promote family because individuals subsist in a family con text. This was declared during the tenth anniversary of the International Year of the Family in 2004. The economic growth of Singapore has been influenced by how the founder of the country Mr. Lee Kuan Yew motivated by Confucianism integrated social stability with the modern capitalism (Kuah, 1990). Singapore is thus founded on Confucius principles of good governance, the hierarchical education system, and the hierarchical family. The principle of good governance is reflected in the emphasis of community and the society above the self. To maintain good governance, Singapore established the Singapore Public Service Commission as an independent organ of the state in 1954. Its integrity, transparency, and efficiency have contributed to the excellent service delivery in the civil service. The excellence is maintained through public service scholarship awarded to the most dedicated civil servants. Through the commission's efficacy the concept of loyalty as in Confucius teaching was integrated into the national consciousness (Bellows, 2014). Therefore, all civil servants were and are expected to be loyal to the government of the day. Singapore also initiated National day celebration in 1966 to commemorate the nation's birthday with the intention of inculcating the sense of loyalty and pride to its citizenry. The celebrations are held annually on 9th August. Similarly, through the Ministry of Education Government has invested a lot in the education sector. For example, in 2013 a total of $11.6 billion was allocated to the MOE. The Ministry of Education objective is to aid the learner to realize their talents, potentials and utilize them for personal development as well as develops a desire for learning throughout their lives. To achieve this mission, the government declared education sector as its preserve in the Compulsory Education Act. Thus, a substantial amount of fund is utilized to subsidize the cost of education. This emanates from the acknowledgment that Singapore economic development is dependent upon the skilled workforce. The education system in Singapore is well structured from pre-school to primary, to secondary and post-primary education. Such structure in education system thus offers various choices to the student. One unique feature of the Education system in Singapore is the ability to aid the child develops his/her stre ngths as well as the social skills (Bellows, 2014). Besides, Singapore established a system that inspires children to respect and take care of the elderly. To facilitate filial piety government implemented a policy to have house subsidies for those living close to their parents (Tan, 2012).For example, government through CPF Housing Grant, from $10,000 to $12,000 to those buying or selling flats to be close to their parents. As a result palliative and nursing homes were shunned. However, filial piety is beyond taking of the parents and the elderly. It entails seeking advice as a process of personal growth. Thus, it enhances continuity and aids in the promotion of social harmony. Confucius teachings and principles have been spread to overseas by Singaporeans, Chinese, Koreans, Taiwan, and Japanese. Usman (2016) observes that its impacts are reflected by the way Confucianists pattern their lives such as respect for the elders, love for the family, desire to assist the needy, and the priority they attach to education. Further, it is manifested in their hardworking-ness, zeal and thrifty and moderate living. Nuyen (2004) on the other hand, notes that Confucianism has contributed to the formation of an ethical system which has aided people to act responsibly. Furthermore, Confucianism remains relevant to the contemporary culture especially in understanding the importance of the family as the basic unity of the society. In conclusion, Confucianism teachings and principles are connected to everyday living such that they appear trivial. Everyday life is so normal that no one takes its moral demand seriously. It is important to note that Confucianism reminds the human race the importance of ideals such as parenthood, friendship, and familial piety. Hence, Confucianism invites the human race in taking everyday living seriously as a form of spiritual and moral fulfilment. References Aday, R. H., Kano, Z. M. (1997). Attitudes toward caring for aging parents; A comparisonof Laotian and US students. Educational Gerontology, 23(2), 151-167. Bellows, T. J. (2014). Confucianism and Pluralism in a Meritocratic Society: TheSingapore Case. Confucian Culture and Democracy, 131. Kuah, K. E. (1990). Confucian ideology and social engineering in Singapore. Journal ofContemporary Asia, 20(3), 371-383. Nuyen, A. T. (2004). The contemporary relevance of the Confucian idea of filial piety. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 31(4), 433-450. Tan, C. (2012). Our shared values in Singapore: A Confucian perspective. EducationalTheory, 62(4), 449-463. Usman, U. (2016). Confucianism Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Dinika: Academic Journalof Islamic Studies, 1(2), 177-188.

Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People free essay sample

Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People Task B : Roles and Responsibilities of Organisations †¢ Social Services Social Workers have a responsibility to provide support and care for vulnerable children and their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They may have been alerted to a particular situation for example; if parents are struggling to care for their children or there are other challenging situations such as drug abuse, domestic violence and reports of abuse to the child(ren). Social Workers are always involved in the intervention of situations involving the abuse or harm of children or young people. Residential Care Workers have a responsibility for ‘looked-after’ children who reside in care homes and not with their families. With usually high vulnerability, these children and young people need to be cared for and the Residential workers have a specific duty of care to provide safeguarding of their health and welfare. Family Support Workers have close contact with vulnerable children and their families. They have a responsibility to care for and provide support for them, usually through home visits or through local children’s centres. They are often called upon to give opinions and monitor families that give cause for concern in regards to health, safety or welfare. †¢ Health Visitor Health Visitors have a responsibility to monitor the health and development of children under the age of five. Their usual first point of contact is during home visits and at clinics and health centres. With crucial skills, they are usually the first people to identify concerns about a child’s safety and welfare. They are able to gather information and have the ability to recognise vulnerability and signs of harm, neglect or abuse in both parents and children. They have contact with multi-agencies and support the work of the Local Safeguarding Children’s Board (LSCB). They also work closely with both midwives and school nurses and can offer individualised plans for those recognised as being ‘in need’. Their early intervention can be crucial in protecting a child. †¢ NSPCC The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is a charity with a duty to protect children from being abused and neglected. It has the statutory power to bring care proceedings in its own right. They also work closely with Childline (a 24 hour service for children to telephone for help and advice. ) They operate a 24 hour Child Protection line also which accepts referrals and passes the information to the relevant service. The NSPCC may be commissioned by Children’s social care to undertake specific child protection related work. It also provides services for families and children and has the same responsibilities as other voluntary agencies. †¢ GPs General Practitioners have a responsibility for the general health of members of the practice. They usually have contact with children and families in the community and will be instrumental in recognising and identifying signs for concern during routine appointments or home visits. The will be responsible for reporting suspected abuse or neglect and should follow the correct procedures for doing so. †¢ Probation Probation Officers will be responsible for the support and rehabilitation of some offenders in the Community. This supervision will involve monitoring people convicted previously of offences against children and ensure that they do not pose s threat to the Community. They also liaise with Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) such as safeguarding children, procedures covering ex-offenders, domestic abuse and child protection procedures. †¢ Police Police have a responsibility for the general safety and protection of the general public. Their role is to prevent crime and disorder and protect individuals. Children have the right to be fully protected. With specialist training, the police can investigate cases with the Child Abuse Investigation Units (CAIUs). The police need to gather information and work closely with other agencies in the cases of criminal proceedings against suspected child abusers. All of the information collected is passed on to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). The police also possess power to enter premises to ensure that children will be protected immediately from being harmed in any way. †¢ School School staff are responsible for creating and maintaining a safe learning environment. They are trained to identify any concerns and act upon this information. To maintain this field of expertise, the staff must attend child protection and first aid courses. They are responsible for protecting children from abuse and bullying and can observe behaviours that may give cause for concern. They are required to meet health needs of children with specific needs. The staff should be in contact with multi agencies and to support the child and attend case conferences. They should, under the Children Act 1989 have a key role in referring children and providing information to assist police in criminal proceedings. They should safeguard children with reference to Internet usage and provide policies and procedures to be adhered to regarding child protection and risk assessments.

Darcys Letter essays

Darcy's Letter essays The debonair Mr. Darcy thinks he has everything until he falls in love with Elizabeth Bennet. Despite her familys lower position within the gentry he proposes to her, confident that his looks and wealth will win her over. But Elizabeth fervently rejects him because of two great offenses she believes he has committed, on top of her general dislike for him. Filled with grief, but determined to defend his honor and possibly change her opinion in the process, he writes her a letter. This important letter reveals to Elizabeth in several ways that Fitzwilliam Darcy is not such an evil man as she had thought. The first ingredient I should mention concerning Elizabeths gradual change of opinion is the opening paragraph of Darcys letter. By appeasing her fears of another proposal and displaying his own discomfort with writing the letter he may have given her a reason and enough courage to continue reading the letter. Darcy also made it a point to ask her for her forgiveness for the freedom with which I demand your attention (174). He understood that she would be extremely emotionally biased against what he had to say, so he appealed to her sense of justice. Only through his choice wording and display of understanding was he able to allure Elizabeth into reading the next part of the letter, and here Darcy wasted no time at all. Two offences of a very different nature, and by no means of equal magnitude, you last night laid to my charge (174). With this sentence Darcy opens the second paragraph of his letter and makes it clear that he intends to defend himself fiercely. The first charge addressed by Darcy was that he had severed the relationship between Jane and Mr. Bingley due to his own selfish desires. He quickly explains that he had no idea that Jane truly returned Bingleys love and admiration. He then goes on to say that, ...

Explain the influence of T. S. Eliot on 20th century Arabic poetry, Essay

Explain the influence of T. S. Eliot on 20th century Arabic poetry, giving examples - Essay Example He died in 1965 but his fame did not die with him. Infact he became a model for the future generations in all parts of the world (Nobelprize.org). Eliot’s influence on English writers is well known to everyone. His books â€Å"Prufrock and other Observations†, â€Å"Four Quartets† and in particular â€Å"The Wasteland† has influenced many English writers. However, Eliot’s fame and influence did not confine itself to the borders of Europe and America. Where English poetry under Eliot’s influence moved with a steady pace, the Arabic poetry made a giant leap unleashing itself from the age old Arabic classical poetic model, the qasida, whose form, structure and pattern were laid down in the seventh century and were older than the religion Islam itself (Loya, 1971). The qasida was a couplet which consisted of two symmetrical hemistiches, separated by a caesura followed by a fixed pattern of long and short vowels. Each couplet was independent of the rest of the poem. All the couplets followed a similar rhyme scheme and meter throughout the poem. In Arabic poetry there was also restriction in the selection of themes as well. This pattern was being followed by the Arab poets without any significant changes for the past fourteen hundred centuries. The tribal Arab society gave way to the urbanized society which desperately demanded changes in the poetic form to express its message. The Arab poets became aware of the fact that the traditional qasida form consisting of fixed meter and rhyme was not sufficient to express the harsh realities of life. Despite all this the Arab poets continued to write in the traditional form till the twentieth century. The situation continued till the influence of West, in particular, the influence of T.S. Eliot changed the trend of the Arabic poetry. Many Arabic poets were deeply influenced by T.S. Eliot, whose literary work had touched all parts of the world with admiration (Loya,

Bio's lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bio's lap - Lab Report Example During this time, 23 chromosomes from a man pair up with 23 chromosomes of a woman, resulting to 46 chromosomes. In the process of meiosis, each chromosome make an exact copy of itself keeping it attached at one point. They create an X-shape when they condense and get together, genes are exchanged. The cell divides twice each time, resulting to 23 egg/sperm cells. Male constantly produce egg at puberty while female start producing egg during fetal life (approximately 700 million). Every month, one of the woman’s ovaries select an immature egg to lavish, to feed by the hundreds of cells until it grows fat and get ready. It oozes out of the ovary, to the end of the fallopian tube, and to the uterus. Tentacles capture the egg and pull it inside due to the muscular contraction of the tube and the constant swaying of the cilia. This time, the egg is ready to be fertilized by a sperm but it will die within a few hours if not fertilized by a sperm. During sexual intercourse and excitement, sperm squeezed out of the storage and is swept out by glandular fluids such as prostate down to the 15-inch long tube and out through the penis. A teaspoon of fluid with 300 million sperm cells are immediately impaired because of the acidic vagina. Other barriers include the cervix passageway to uterus that is lock-shut or plug with mucus that keeps bacteria or sperm out and the protective barrier of the egg itself. But during ovulation, the mucus becomes watery, leaving a channel that can guide sperm through the uterus. It would take 2 days of swim for sperm to reach its goal but the propelling of the uterine muscles enable the sperm to reach the fallopian tube within 30 minutes. Only the sperm that can break the zona (thick protein coat of the egg) and can match the protein of the egg is the sperm that can fertilize the egg and fuse with the egg’s inner layer. The fertilized ovum needs to create a viable embryo by ordering the zona to lock-out other sperm and by

The Aral Sea Desertification

The Aral Sea Desertification Desertification is the process by which a habitable place of land becomes a desert due to climatic changes or ill human practices in the environment. The Aral Sea is a victim to such adversity due to malpractices and power hungry nature of humans. Thus becoming a saline lake from its previous form of being the 4th largest lake in the world. It used to be the leading site of fisheries, reed growing and other trading due to its ports. All these services have been vanquished due to the desertification which seeped into the sea and its atmosphere. Thereby becoming one of the worlds greatest disasters caused humans. People have always had a greed for power and gold. Such was an instance for the Soviet Government in the 1960s. The need to grow heat absorbing crops such as rice, cotton, grapes and other vegetables made two prime rivers The Amu Darya and The Syr Darya, feeding the Aral Sea to be diverted to irrigate the crops. Due to such malpractices the Aral Sea shrunk in size from being the worlds 4th largest sea to a dry barren sea basin. But even though they have caused an ecological disaster, actions are now being taken to replenish the sea of its thirst and recover it back to its natural beauty. The Aral Sea : The Aral Sea has a catchment size of 1,549,000 km2 . It was a sea that situated in Central Asia and lay between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, (a region of Uzbekistan) in the south. It used to have an area of 68,000 square kilometers and it was due to the two main rivers, in fact the 2 largest rivers in central Asia the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya to fill up the sea. Around 1960, about half of this water replenished the Sea the rest evaporated, transpired, or filtrated into the ground naturally as the rivers flowed through the deserts and some was taken for other human uses. Everything was going well keeping the environment intact until the former Soviet Union decided to divert the rivers to grow white gold- cotton, rice and other vegetables. This was a major plan for them to become a lead exporter in cotton. Which eventually happened as Uzbekistan is one of the lead exporters of cotton to this very day. But cotton and rice being extremely thirsty plants required immense amounts of water and instead of the 2 rivers irrigating the desert it was used to irrigate the 7.6 million hectares of thirsty crops. Due to the diversion of the water the water level started to decrease as the river discharge started to drop. Subsequently as the years passed by the rivers brought lesser water to the sea. The sea was retreating from its original shores, leaving behind dry land covered by the crust of salt. The irrigation project was enormous and no attention was given to downstream requirements. The irrigation techniques were not efficient with open waterways leading to waste. Very little care was given to the need for proper drainage. On average there was a decline in water level during the 1960s of 0.21 m/year, in the 1970s of 0.6 m/year, and in the 1980s of 0.8 m/year. Now it has lost 80 % of its volume and uncovered 3.6 mil hectares of seabed .The surface level has contracted by half, the level significantly reduced by 19 m and in some areas the seas edge is more than 100 km from its former shore. The Soviets were not surprised of the slow recline and eventual fading of the Aral Sea, as they had predicted this to happen. In 1964 , at the Hydroproject Institute Aleksandr Asarin stated that the lake was doomed, explaining It was part of the five-year plans, approved by the council of ministers and the Politburo. Nobody on a lower level would dare to say a word contradicting those plans, even if it was the fate of the Aral Sea. Plans were taken to refill the Aral Sea after a while but the estimated costs were staggering, the authorities rejected the project in 1966. Ecology ,environment and climate : The future of the Aral Sea looked very grim. The surrounding environment and the marine ecology of the started to depreciate. The local climate, hydrology and natural habitat were also affected greatly due to the declining sea- level. As the sea level reclined, few areas started to get exposed. The deltas in the sea was lush and abundant with flora and fauna that provided flowing food supplies for the livestock , and reeds for the industry , an abundant breeding ground for its fish industry and sites for hunting. When the deltas started to dry up, deserts started to form thereby the number of wildlife, fish and livestock started to drop. Only 38 of the 173 living species that once habited the deltas survived. Just 30 years ago the sea was a major contributor to the fishing industries; in 1957 Muynak and Aralsk were flourishing sea ports processing catches of 48,000 metric tons of fish. Now these fishing ports are situated many kilometers from the sea line and the fisheries are only open at very expensive costs with fish coming in from the Barents and the Caspian Seas. By the 1980s almost 20 of the 24 native sea fish species disappeared. The Soviet planners realized that if they were to expand the irrigation systems it would have contrary impacts on the sea, yet still nothing was done about it. They did not realize that it would have an effect on the surrounding natural climate. As the irrigation and the recline of the Aral Sea continued huge dust storms developed due to the sea drying up. As a result the agricultural productivity started to decline making it inhospitable for crops. As the sea dried up more places in the sea started to get exposed and at the upper layer of the seabed the concentration of the toxic salts at the seabed combined with the lack of water and its nutrients made it difficult to provide a stable plant cover. Due to this dust storms started to brew and this increased in frequency and magnitude, as a result it carried an estimated of 43 million metric tons of salt per year over the enormous areas. These dust storms contained sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, which are toxic to plants. As the salt levels in the regions started to rise in the water and soil contents it started having adverse effects on the agriculture in the region. Due to this excess of water was needed to meet the requirements of the plant but the problem was drainage was often poor together with the fact that it was more saline than the soil. This accumulates and raises the level of the groundwater table. As the water table rises into the root zone, the crops suffer from curtailed oxygen supplies. Thus the capillary action draws salts from the shallow groundwater tables upward toward the surface. As the water evaporates, high concentrations of salt are left on the surface, thereby ruining the agricultural potential of the land. Soviet research suggests that 60 percent of the irrigated soils in Uzbekistan, 80 percent in Turkmenistan, 35 percent in Tadzhikistan, 40 percent in Kirghizia, and between 60 and 70 percent in Kazakhstan suffered moderate to strong salinity problems in 1985. The climate of the area was also affected, summers have become hotter, winters have become cooler and growing seasons have significantly become shorter. Precipitation has also decreased thereby increasing daytime temperatures. Average May temperatures were 3.0-3.2 degree Celsius higher, average October temperatures are 0.7 to 1.5 degrees higher and the growing season has declined by 10 days. The Aral Sea, a large saltwater lake, is losing more than half of its surface area in 40 years. 3 Cows walk in the desert which used to be the seabed of the Aral Sea 4 Human Impacts : Not only was the climate and animal life affected but even humans were affected from this disaster. Drinking water supplies were contaminated by pesticides. Many other diseases were released due to the desertification. Over the last 15 years diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, kidney disease, gallstone ailments, chronic gastritis have increased; infant mortality rates have gone up and the frequency of esophagus cancer and tuberculosis have reach epidemic levels. One survey found 80 percent of the women suffering from anemia and 70 percent of the children ill. Due to the rise in morbidity and reduced mortality in the people, hospital rates went up and poverty increased. Because of the vast no. of health problems in the population hospitals were lacking in essential medicines and health care. On account of the rising diseases, many of them were found in the blood and breast milks, as toxins found in pesticides and other toxic gases from the dust storms seeped into foods and contaminated food supplies. As the waters are highly saline and contaminated, drinking water supplies have significantly decreased leading to liver and kidney diseases. The people have also been exposed to airborne toxins found in the dust storms causing respiratory diseases. Due to the desertification the fishing industry and other local occupations such as reed growing, farming and other occupations disappeared causing unemployment rates to sky rocket, leading people to poverty. They were unable to grow agriculture due to the high salinity of the water. Shipping ports closed and the Aral Sea became a ship graveyard. Aral Sea Restoration : Finally attention was given to the Aral Sea in the 1980s and 1990s but the government realized that it would not be possible to restore the Sea to its original size back in 1960. But if it was left to continue to degrade a major catastrophe would occur. Looking into the problems 5 countries volunteered to try and restore or at least alleviate the cataclysm. Those 5 countries are: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan; the countries that neighbor the Aral Sea. They created the ASBP (Aral Sea Basin Program) in 1994 which was established to be conducted in four steps: To stabilize the environment of the Aral Sea Basin, To rehabilitate the disaster area around the sea, To improve the management of the international waters of the Aral Sea Basin, To build the capacity of institutions at the regional and national level to advance the programs aims. More water would have to pump into the Aral Sea if it had to be revived. The five countries referred to Interbasin Transfers (IBT); but it has not been put into place. They projected to divert the Caspian Sea into the Aral Sea but they anticipated that the same catastrophe might occur in the Caspian. This was just a hypothesis to be carried out, so ASBP was put into place. The first phase was to directly improve the land around the basin without touching the water system. This began from 1992 until 1997. This was because they found it difficult to implement the phase. Phase two began in 1998 till 2003. They wanted to increase awareness of the area to the public but they had little concern of the propaganda thus causing this plan to fail as well. Phase three was implemented in 1997 as the government constructed a new plan to back up the previous ones. The main objective of this plan is to improve the irrigation systems that are still there but aiming at the water management at a local view. The North Aral Sea is the largest project of this phase. The main idea is to build a dam across the Berg Strait ( a channel which connects the North and South Aral Sea). The dam is eight miles long and can facilitate twenty nine cubic kilometers of water to be stashed away in the North Aral Sea and allowing the excess water to overflow into the South Aral Sea. Currently work is going on in the North Aral Sea to restore it. Irrigation in the Syr Darya have been improved and mended to increase the flow of water. In October 2003 the government began construction of a concrete dam, Dike Kokaral which separates the Aral Sea from the North and South. Construction finished in August 2005 and due to the dam water level in the North has increased also decreasing the salinity of the river. It is a minute growth but a valuable one over time. Few of the fish stocks were released into the river to bring back the past occupation and revive the fishing industry once again. This outstanding project caused small changes to the climate causing few rain clouds to brew up. The sea depth and sea surface has increased over the years. Seeing these achievements in the area the government has decided to construct a second dam to further the healing process of the Northern side. The South of the Aral Sea only receives overflowed water from the North of the Aral Sea but apart from that no other measures have been taken. But plans have been pulled up to create a channel to connect the North and South and continue the replenishing projects in the South as well but political constraints are limiting its progress because of the oil exploration in the South of the Aral Sea. Conclusion: The Aral Sea was the fourth-largest Sea in the world at one time but today it does not exist in any last apart from the top ten ecological disasters caused by humans. Even though measures are taken to restore the Aral Sea back to its original form predictions are being made that because only the North Aral Sea is being refilled it may divide up into the North Aral Sea and the South Aral Sea as two completely separate basins. All these decades of problems and catastrophes were just over the greed of making more money, yes maybe it might increase the revenue of a nation but it should not be at the cost of another whole biome. There is a sufficiency in the world for mans need but not for mans greed. -Mahatma Gandhi

Lupain Ng Taglamig

DETERGENT PESTICIDE DISINFFECTANT PRESERVATIVES ADDITIVES MEDICINES BLEACH PETROLEUM JELLY ALUMINUM FOIL CORN STARCH NAME. ROMELYN. VILLAMAYOR YR&SEC; IV-EDISON TEACHER; MRS. SALUDES NAME:ERICA E. VILLAMAYOR GR&SEC: VI-MALINIS TEACHER:MR:PENIDA A  detergent  is a  surfactant  or a mixture of surfactants with â€Å"cleaning properties in dilute solutions. â€Å"[1]  These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to  soap  but are more soluble in  hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.In most household contexts, the term  detergent  by itself refers specifically to  laundry detergent  or  dish detergent, as opposed to  hand soapor other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are  amph iphilic: partlyhydrophilic  (polar) and partly  hydrophobic  (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also  foaming agents  to varying degrees.Pesticides  are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any  pest. [1]  Pesticides are a special kind of products for crop protection. Crop protection products in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, diseases or insects. A pesticide is generally a  chemical  or biological agent (such as a  virus,  bacterium,  antimicrobial  or  disinfectant) that through its effect deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise discourages pests.Target pests can includeinsects, plant  pathogens, weeds,  molluscs,  birds,  mammals,  fish, nematodes (roundworms), and  microbes  that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease or are  vectors  for disease. Disinfectants  are substances that are applied to non-living objects to destroy  microorganismsthat are living on the objects. [1]  Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant  bacterial spores; it is less effective than  sterilisation, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life. 1]  Disinfectants are different from other  antimicrobial agents  such as  antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and  antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living  tissue.Disinfectants are also different from  biocides  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with the metabolism. A  preservative  is a naturally occurring or synthetically produced substance that is added to products such as foods,pharmaceuticals, pai nts, biological samples, wood, etc. o prevent  decomposition  by  microbial  growth or by undesirable  chemicalchanges. Food additives  are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by  pickling  (with  vinegar),  salting, as with  bacon, preserving  sweets  or using  sulfur dioxide  as in some  wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.Medicine  is the  applied science  or practice of the  diagnosis,  treatment, and prevention ofdisease. [1]  It encompasses a variety of  health care  practices evolved to maintain and restore  health  by the  prevention  and  treatment  of  illness  in  human beings. Contemporary medicine applies  health science,  biomedical research, and  medical te chnology  to  diagnose  and treat injury and disease, typically through  medication  orsurgery, but also through therapies as diverse as  psychotherapy,  external splints & traction,  prostheses,  biologics,  ionizing radiation  and others.Bleach  has been serialized in the Japanese manga anthology  Weekly Shonen JumpsincAugust 2001, and has been collected into 56  tankobon  volumes as of September 2012. Since its publication,  Bleach  has spawned a  media franchise  that includes ananimated  television series  that was produced by  Studio Pierrot  in Japan from 2004 to 2012, two  original video animations, four animated feature films, seven  rock musicals, and  numerous video games, as well as many types of  Bleach-related  merchandise.Petroleum jelly,  petrolatum,  white petrolatum  or  soft paraffin,  CAS number  8009-03-8, is a  semi-solid  mixture of  hydrocarbons  (with  carbon  numbers mainly higher than 25),[1]  originally promoted as a topical  ointment  for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a â€Å"cure-all† has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses (see  uses  below). However, it is recognized by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) as an approved  over-the-counter  (OTC)  skin  protectant, and remains widely used in  cosmetic  skin care.Aluminium foil  is  aluminium  prepared in thin  metal leaves, with a thickness less than 0. 2 millimetres (8  mils), thinner gauges down to 6  Ã‚ µm (0. 2  mils) are also commonly used. [1]  In the USA, foils are commonly gauged in  mils. Standard household foil is typically 0. 016 millimetres (0. 6  mils) thick and heavy duty household foil is typically 0. 024 millimetres (0. 9  mils). The  foil  is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are so metimes  laminated  to other materials such asplastics  or  paper  to make them more useful.Aluminium foilsupplanted  tin foil  in the mid 20th century. Corn starch is used as a  thickening agent  in  soups  and liquid-based foods, such assauces,  gravies  and  custards  by mixing it with a cold liquid to form a paste or slurry. It is sometimes preferred over  flour  because it forms a  translucent  mixture, rather than anopaque  one. As the starch is heated, the molecular chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh, thickening the liquid (Starch gelatinization). Lupain Ng Taglamig Reaction Paper Ric Michael P. De Vera IV- Rizal Mr. Norie Sabayan I. A and B Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance? Indian  mathematics  reached Baghdad, a major early center of Islam, about ad 800. Supported by the ruling caliphs and wealthy individuals, translators in Baghdad produced Arabic versions of Greek and Indian mathematical works. The need for translations was stimulated by mathematical research in the Islamic world. Islamic mathematics also served religion in that it proved useful in dividing inheritances according to Islamic law; in predicting the time of the new moon, when the next month began; and in determining the direction to Mecca for the orientation of mosques and of daily prayers, which were delivered facing Mecca. Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Arabic/Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier. In many respects the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of the Arabic/Islamic contribution than to that of the Greeks. There is a widely held view that, after a brilliant period for mathematics when the Greeks laid the foundations for modern mathematics, there was a period of stagnation before the Europeans took over where the Greeks left off at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The common perception of the period of 1000 years or so between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance is that little happened in the world of mathematics except that some Arabic translations of Greek texts were made which preserved the Greek learning so that it was available to the Europeans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. That such views should be generally held is of no surprise. Many leading historians of mathematics have contributed to the perception by either omitting any mention of Arabic/Islamic mathematics in the historical development of the subject or with statements such as that made by Duhem in :- †¦ Arabic science only reproduced the teachings received from Greek science. Before we proceed it is worth trying to define the period that this article covers and give an overall description to cover the mathematicians who contributed. The period we cover is easy to describe: it stretches from the end of the eighth century to about the middle of the fifteenth century. Giving a description to cover the mathematicians who contributed, however, is much harder. The works and are on â€Å"Islamic mathematics†, similar to which uses the title the â€Å"Muslim contribution to mathematics†. Other authors try the description â€Å"Arabic mathematics†. However, certainly not all the mathematicians we wish to include were Muslims; some were Jews, some Christians, some of other faiths. Nor were all these mathematicians Arabs, but for convenience we will call our topic â€Å"Arab mathematics†. We should emphasize that the translations into Arabic at this time were made by scientists and mathematicians such as those named above, not by language experts ignorant of mathematics, and the need for the translations was stimulated by the most advanced research of the time. It is important to realize that the translating was not done for its own sake, but was done as part of the current research effort. Of Euclid's works, the Elements, the Data, the Optics, the Phaenomena, and On Divisions were translated. Of Archimedes' works only two – Sphere and Cylinder and Measurement of the Circle – are known to have been translated, but these were sufficient to stimulate independent researches from the 9th to the 15th century. On the other hand, virtually all of Apollonius's works were translated, and of Diophantus and Menelaus one book each, the Arithmetica and the Sphaerica, respectively, were translated into Arabic. Finally, the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest furnished important astronomical material. †¦ Diocles' treatise on mirrors, Theodosius's Spherics, Pappus's work on mechanics, Ptolemy's Planisphaerium, and Hypsicles' treatises on regular polyhedra (the so-called Books XIV and XV of Euclid's Elements) †¦ Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary ove away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc. , to all is treated as â€Å"algebraic objects†. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before. Al-Khwarizmi's successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, and numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose. Let us follow the development of algebra for a moment and look at al-Khwarizmi's successors. About forty years after al-Khwarizmi is the work of al-Mahani (born 820), who conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. Abu Kamil (born 850) forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as xn. xm = xm+n. Let us remark that symbols did not appear in Arabic mathematics until much later. Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi used symbols in the 15th century and, although we do not know exactly when their use began, we know that symbols were used at least a century before this. Al-Karaji (born 953) is seen by many as the first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, †¦ and 1/x, 1/x2, 1/x3, †¦ and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years. Al-Samawal, nearly 200 years later, was an important member of al-Karaji's school. Al-Samawal (born 1130) was the first to give the new topic of algebra a precise description when he wrote that it was concerned:- †¦ with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known. Omar Khayyam (born 1048) gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the algebraic solution of cubic equations in a later work . If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared. Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (born 1135), although almost exactly the same age as al-Samawal, does not follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra but rather follows Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry. He wrote a treatise on cubic equations. .. represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry. Let us give other examples of the development of Arabic mathematics. Returning to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the 9th century, one mathematician who was educated there by the Banu Musa brothers was Thabit ibn Qurra (born 836). He made many contributions to mathematics, but let u s consider for the moment consider his contributions to number theory. He discovered a beautiful theorem which allowed pairs of amicable numbers to be found, that is two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Al-Baghdadi (born 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, while al-Haytham (born 965) seems to have been the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2k-1(2k – 1) where 2k – 1 is prime. Al-Haytham, is also the first person that we know to state Wilson's theorem, namely that if p is prime then 1+ (p-1)! is divisible by p. It is unclear whether he knew how to prove this result. It is called Wilson's theorem because of a comment made by Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that John Wilson knew how to prove it and most certainly Waring did not. Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771 and it should be noticed that it is more than 750 years after al-Haytham before number theory surpasses this achievement of Arabic mathematics. Continuing the story of amicable numbers, from which we have taken a diversion, it is worth noting that they play a large role in Arabic mathematics. Al-Farisi (born 1260) gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorisation and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416 which have been attributed to Euler, but we know that these were known earlier than al-Farisi, perhaps even by Thabit ibn Qurra himself. Although outside our time range for Arabic mathematics in this article, it is worth noting that in the 17th century the Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi gave the pair of amicable number 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 still many years before Euler's contribution. C. Arabian Mathematics/ Islamic Mathematics In  the  9th  century  Arab mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a systematic introduction to algebra, Kitab al-jabr w’al Muqabalah (Book of Restoring and Balancing). The English word algebra comes from al-jabr in the treatise’s title. Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra was founded on Brahmagupta’s work, which he duly credited, and showed the influence of Babylonian and Greek mathematics as well. A 12th-century Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi’s treatise was crucial for the later development of algebra in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi’s name is the source of the word algorithm. By  the  year  900  the  acquisition of past mathematics was complete, and Muslim scholars began to build on what they had acquired. Alhazen, an outstanding Arab scientist of the late 900s and early 1000s, produced algebraic solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Karaji in the 10th and early 11th century completed the algebra of polynomials (mathematical expressions that are the sum of a number of terms) of al-Khwarizmi. He included polynomials with an infinite number of terms. Later  scholars,  including 12th-century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam, solved certain cubic equations geometrically by using conic sections. Arab astronomers contributed the tangent and cotangent to trigonometry. Geometers such as Ibrahim ibn Sinan in the 10th century continued Archimedes’s investigations of areas and volumes, and Kamal al-Din and others applied the theory of conic sections to solve problems in optics. Astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the mathematical disciplines of plane and spherical trigonometry in the 13th century and was the first to treat trigonometry separately from astronomy. Finally, a number of Muslim mathematicians made important discoveries in the theory of numbers, while others explained a ariety of numerical methods for solving equations. Many  of  the  ancient  Greek works on mathematics were preserved during the middle Ages through Arabic translations and commentaries. Europe acquired much of this learning during the 12th century, when Greek and Arabic works were translated into Latin, then the written language of educated Europeans. These Arabic works, together with the Greek classics, were responsible for the growth of mathematics in the West during the late middle Ages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. D. Origin of the Word Algebra The word algebra is a Latin variant of the Arabic word al-jabr. This came from the title of a book, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala, written in Baghdad about 825 A. D. by the Arab mathematician Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi. The words jabr (JAH-ber) and muqubalah (moo-KAH-ba-lah) were used by al-Khowarizmi to designate two basic operations in solving equations. Jabr was to transpose subtracted terms to the other side of the equation. Muqubalah was to cancel like terms on opposite sides of the equation. In fact, the title has been translated to mean â€Å"science of restoration (or reunion) and opposition† or â€Å"science of transposition and cancellation† and â€Å"The Book of Completion and Cancellation† or â€Å"The Book of Restoration and Balancing. † Jabr is used in the step where x – 2 = 12 becomes x = 14. The left-side of the first equation, where x is lessened by 2, is â€Å"restored† or â€Å"completed† back to x in the second equation. Muqabalah takes us from x + y = y + 7 to x = 7 by â€Å"cancelling† or â€Å"balancing† the two sides of the equation. Eventually the muqabalah was left behind, and this type of math became known as algebra in many languages. It is interesting to note that the word al-jabr used non-mathematically made its way into Europe through the Moors of Spain. There an algebrista is a bonesetter, or â€Å"restorer† of bones. A barber of medieval times called himself an algebrista since barbers often did bone-setting and bloodletting on the side. Hence the red and white striped barber poles of today. II. Insights The Arabian contributions to Mathematics are much used around the world. Their Mathematics shows a perfect way to represent numbers and problems, in a way to make it clearer and easier to understand. They have discovered many things about mathematics and formulated many formulas that are widely used today. I learned from this research that Arabs mathematics started when Indian mathematics reached Baghdad and translated it into Arabic. They improved and studied Mathematics and formulated many things. They become more famous when they discovered Algebra and improved it. Many Arabian mathematicians became famous because of their contributions on Mathematics. Many ancient Greeks works on mathematics were preserved through Arabic translations and commentaries. I am enlightened about the origin of what are we studying now in Mathematics. Now I know that majority of our lessons in mathematics came from Arabians not from Greeks. I also learned that many mathematicians contributed on different branches and techniques on mathematics and it take so much time for them to explore and improve mathematics. Lupain Ng Taglamig Reaction Paper Ric Michael P. De Vera IV- Rizal Mr. Norie Sabayan I. A and B Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance? Indian  mathematics  reached Baghdad, a major early center of Islam, about ad 800. Supported by the ruling caliphs and wealthy individuals, translators in Baghdad produced Arabic versions of Greek and Indian mathematical works. The need for translations was stimulated by mathematical research in the Islamic world. Islamic mathematics also served religion in that it proved useful in dividing inheritances according to Islamic law; in predicting the time of the new moon, when the next month began; and in determining the direction to Mecca for the orientation of mosques and of daily prayers, which were delivered facing Mecca. Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Arabic/Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier. In many respects the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of the Arabic/Islamic contribution than to that of the Greeks. There is a widely held view that, after a brilliant period for mathematics when the Greeks laid the foundations for modern mathematics, there was a period of stagnation before the Europeans took over where the Greeks left off at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The common perception of the period of 1000 years or so between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance is that little happened in the world of mathematics except that some Arabic translations of Greek texts were made which preserved the Greek learning so that it was available to the Europeans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. That such views should be generally held is of no surprise. Many leading historians of mathematics have contributed to the perception by either omitting any mention of Arabic/Islamic mathematics in the historical development of the subject or with statements such as that made by Duhem in :- †¦ Arabic science only reproduced the teachings received from Greek science. Before we proceed it is worth trying to define the period that this article covers and give an overall description to cover the mathematicians who contributed. The period we cover is easy to describe: it stretches from the end of the eighth century to about the middle of the fifteenth century. Giving a description to cover the mathematicians who contributed, however, is much harder. The works and are on â€Å"Islamic mathematics†, similar to which uses the title the â€Å"Muslim contribution to mathematics†. Other authors try the description â€Å"Arabic mathematics†. However, certainly not all the mathematicians we wish to include were Muslims; some were Jews, some Christians, some of other faiths. Nor were all these mathematicians Arabs, but for convenience we will call our topic â€Å"Arab mathematics†. We should emphasize that the translations into Arabic at this time were made by scientists and mathematicians such as those named above, not by language experts ignorant of mathematics, and the need for the translations was stimulated by the most advanced research of the time. It is important to realize that the translating was not done for its own sake, but was done as part of the current research effort. Of Euclid's works, the Elements, the Data, the Optics, the Phaenomena, and On Divisions were translated. Of Archimedes' works only two – Sphere and Cylinder and Measurement of the Circle – are known to have been translated, but these were sufficient to stimulate independent researches from the 9th to the 15th century. On the other hand, virtually all of Apollonius's works were translated, and of Diophantus and Menelaus one book each, the Arithmetica and the Sphaerica, respectively, were translated into Arabic. Finally, the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest furnished important astronomical material. †¦ Diocles' treatise on mirrors, Theodosius's Spherics, Pappus's work on mechanics, Ptolemy's Planisphaerium, and Hypsicles' treatises on regular polyhedra (the so-called Books XIV and XV of Euclid's Elements) †¦ Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary ove away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc. , to all is treated as â€Å"algebraic objects†. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before. Al-Khwarizmi's successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, and numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose. Let us follow the development of algebra for a moment and look at al-Khwarizmi's successors. About forty years after al-Khwarizmi is the work of al-Mahani (born 820), who conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. Abu Kamil (born 850) forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as xn. xm = xm+n. Let us remark that symbols did not appear in Arabic mathematics until much later. Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi used symbols in the 15th century and, although we do not know exactly when their use began, we know that symbols were used at least a century before this. Al-Karaji (born 953) is seen by many as the first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, †¦ and 1/x, 1/x2, 1/x3, †¦ and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years. Al-Samawal, nearly 200 years later, was an important member of al-Karaji's school. Al-Samawal (born 1130) was the first to give the new topic of algebra a precise description when he wrote that it was concerned:- †¦ with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known. Omar Khayyam (born 1048) gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the algebraic solution of cubic equations in a later work . If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared. Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (born 1135), although almost exactly the same age as al-Samawal, does not follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra but rather follows Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry. He wrote a treatise on cubic equations. .. represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry. Let us give other examples of the development of Arabic mathematics. Returning to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the 9th century, one mathematician who was educated there by the Banu Musa brothers was Thabit ibn Qurra (born 836). He made many contributions to mathematics, but let u s consider for the moment consider his contributions to number theory. He discovered a beautiful theorem which allowed pairs of amicable numbers to be found, that is two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Al-Baghdadi (born 980) looked at a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, while al-Haytham (born 965) seems to have been the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2k-1(2k – 1) where 2k – 1 is prime. Al-Haytham, is also the first person that we know to state Wilson's theorem, namely that if p is prime then 1+ (p-1)! is divisible by p. It is unclear whether he knew how to prove this result. It is called Wilson's theorem because of a comment made by Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that John Wilson knew how to prove it and most certainly Waring did not. Lagrange gave the first proof in 1771 and it should be noticed that it is more than 750 years after al-Haytham before number theory surpasses this achievement of Arabic mathematics. Continuing the story of amicable numbers, from which we have taken a diversion, it is worth noting that they play a large role in Arabic mathematics. Al-Farisi (born 1260) gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorisation and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416 which have been attributed to Euler, but we know that these were known earlier than al-Farisi, perhaps even by Thabit ibn Qurra himself. Although outside our time range for Arabic mathematics in this article, it is worth noting that in the 17th century the Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi gave the pair of amicable number 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 still many years before Euler's contribution. C. Arabian Mathematics/ Islamic Mathematics In  the  9th  century  Arab mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a systematic introduction to algebra, Kitab al-jabr w’al Muqabalah (Book of Restoring and Balancing). The English word algebra comes from al-jabr in the treatise’s title. Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra was founded on Brahmagupta’s work, which he duly credited, and showed the influence of Babylonian and Greek mathematics as well. A 12th-century Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi’s treatise was crucial for the later development of algebra in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi’s name is the source of the word algorithm. By  the  year  900  the  acquisition of past mathematics was complete, and Muslim scholars began to build on what they had acquired. Alhazen, an outstanding Arab scientist of the late 900s and early 1000s, produced algebraic solutions of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Karaji in the 10th and early 11th century completed the algebra of polynomials (mathematical expressions that are the sum of a number of terms) of al-Khwarizmi. He included polynomials with an infinite number of terms. Later  scholars,  including 12th-century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam, solved certain cubic equations geometrically by using conic sections. Arab astronomers contributed the tangent and cotangent to trigonometry. Geometers such as Ibrahim ibn Sinan in the 10th century continued Archimedes’s investigations of areas and volumes, and Kamal al-Din and others applied the theory of conic sections to solve problems in optics. Astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the mathematical disciplines of plane and spherical trigonometry in the 13th century and was the first to treat trigonometry separately from astronomy. Finally, a number of Muslim mathematicians made important discoveries in the theory of numbers, while others explained a ariety of numerical methods for solving equations. Many  of  the  ancient  Greek works on mathematics were preserved during the middle Ages through Arabic translations and commentaries. Europe acquired much of this learning during the 12th century, when Greek and Arabic works were translated into Latin, then the written language of educated Europeans. These Arabic works, together with the Greek classics, were responsible for the growth of mathematics in the West during the late middle Ages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. D. Origin of the Word Algebra The word algebra is a Latin variant of the Arabic word al-jabr. This came from the title of a book, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala, written in Baghdad about 825 A. D. by the Arab mathematician Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi. The words jabr (JAH-ber) and muqubalah (moo-KAH-ba-lah) were used by al-Khowarizmi to designate two basic operations in solving equations. Jabr was to transpose subtracted terms to the other side of the equation. Muqubalah was to cancel like terms on opposite sides of the equation. In fact, the title has been translated to mean â€Å"science of restoration (or reunion) and opposition† or â€Å"science of transposition and cancellation† and â€Å"The Book of Completion and Cancellation† or â€Å"The Book of Restoration and Balancing. † Jabr is used in the step where x – 2 = 12 becomes x = 14. The left-side of the first equation, where x is lessened by 2, is â€Å"restored† or â€Å"completed† back to x in the second equation. Muqabalah takes us from x + y = y + 7 to x = 7 by â€Å"cancelling† or â€Å"balancing† the two sides of the equation. Eventually the muqabalah was left behind, and this type of math became known as algebra in many languages. It is interesting to note that the word al-jabr used non-mathematically made its way into Europe through the Moors of Spain. There an algebrista is a bonesetter, or â€Å"restorer† of bones. A barber of medieval times called himself an algebrista since barbers often did bone-setting and bloodletting on the side. Hence the red and white striped barber poles of today. II. Insights The Arabian contributions to Mathematics are much used around the world. Their Mathematics shows a perfect way to represent numbers and problems, in a way to make it clearer and easier to understand. They have discovered many things about mathematics and formulated many formulas that are widely used today. I learned from this research that Arabs mathematics started when Indian mathematics reached Baghdad and translated it into Arabic. They improved and studied Mathematics and formulated many things. They become more famous when they discovered Algebra and improved it. Many Arabian mathematicians became famous because of their contributions on Mathematics. Many ancient Greeks works on mathematics were preserved through Arabic translations and commentaries. I am enlightened about the origin of what are we studying now in Mathematics. Now I know that majority of our lessons in mathematics came from Arabians not from Greeks. I also learned that many mathematicians contributed on different branches and techniques on mathematics and it take so much time for them to explore and improve mathematics.